becauseofafailed: Stem cells make 'Retina in a dish'

Mouse cells was developed still persuaded in the retina, the most complex website. retina

Here is lookin ' at you Kid.M. Eiraku and Y.Sasai at RIKEN Center for developmental biology

Made in a laboratory in Japan retina could pave the way for treatments for human eye diseases, including some forms of blindness.

Created by coaxing mouse embryonic stem cells into an exact three-dimensional Assembly, the retina in a dish ' is by far and away the most complex biological tissue engineered yet, scientists say.

"There's nothing like it," so Robin Ali, a human molecular geneticists at the was Institute of ophthalmology in London, not involved in the investigation. "Baffled when I I the manuscript was received, I was." I never but I'd the day see where you have repeat the development in a court. "

If the technique, published today in Nature1, on human cells adapted and proved to be safe for transplantation as a can - which will take years - it could provide an unlimited well of tissue, damaged retina replace. More immediately, the synthetic retinal tissue could help scientists in the study of eye diseases and in establishing of therapies.

The work can also result in the installation of other organs and tissues, Bruce Conklin, says stem cell Institute of cardiovascular disease was biologist at the Gladstone in San Francisco, is not involved in the work. "I think it really shows a major discovery that comes to us all:, that these cells statements that can organize them."

In hindsight, previous work had suggested, that given the right signals, eye tissue stem cells spontaneously, could make Ali says. A cocktail of genes is enough frog embryos to form form eyes on other parts of their body2 to move, and human embryonic stem cells in a Petri dish production of pigmented cells which support the retina can be persuaded to sheets of cells, the lenses and light detection are similar to retinal cells themselves3.

The eye structure created by Yoshiki Sasai at the RIKEN Center for developmental biology in Kobe and his team is very much more complex.

The optic Cup is brandy-swivel-shaped organ that has two different cell layers. The outer layer - the closest to the brain – composed of pigmented retina cells, nutrients and support the retina. The inner layer is the retina itself, and contains several types of light-sensitive neuron, ganglion cells, which carry out light information to the brain, and support of glial cells.

So that this body in a court, grew Sasai's team mouse embryonic stem cells in a nutrient soup, the proteins to turn stem cells into retinal cells pushed included. The team also added a protein gel to the support of the cells. "It is an Association of tissue." Fall without these cells tend to be apart, "Says Sasai."

First made the blobs of early retinal stem cells. Then, in the next few weeks which grew BLOBs and began a structure in the early development of the eye, known as seen form an optic vesicles. As in an embryo, the laboratory folded manufactured fiber-optic vesicles in the next two days an optic Cup, with his characteristic brandy snifter, double layer and make the appropriate cells.

Although the optics cups look and how the real thing to develop, says "there may be differences between the synthetic retina and what happens usually," Ali.

Sasai's team has not tested yet, can the look feel cups light or mouse brain transmit impulses to the. He says "That's what we are now trying". However, previous studies have proposed can be transplanted embryonic retina in adult rodents4, so Sasai is hope.

Sasai, Ali and others expect that human retina, similar to developing which the mice, could finally be created in the test environment. "On the regenerative medicine we must go beyond mouse cells." We need human retinal tissue of human embryonic stem cells and study is under way, "says Sasai."

Synthetic human retina a source of cells such as retinitis pigmentosa, treatment in the atrophy, could be what finally deploy to blindness cells of the retina light detection. In 2006, Ali's team found that retina works when in older mice5 transplanted cells of newborns. Synthetic retina, he says, "offer a very much more attractive, more practical source of cells".

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David Gamm, stem cell biologist at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, says that transplanting cells, people with retinal damage could help all layers of the eye tissue, rather than individual retina. But, he adds, diseases such as late stage glaucoma where the wiring between the retina and the brain is damaged, are much more difficult to resolve.

It is impossible to predict when and if such therapies will make patients. In the near term, synthetic retina are however useful for molecular errors behind eye diseases unpicking presented and finding treatments for them Sasai says. Created by reprogrammed stem cells of patients with eye diseases retina could, for example, the screen drugs or test gene therapies, says Ali be used.

Robert Lanza, chief scientific officer of the biotechnology company Advanced cell technology, based in Santa Monica, California, says that the paper has impacts far beyond the treatment and modeling eye diseases. The research shows that embryonic stem cells, given the right physical and chemical environment, spontaneously in complex tissues can convert. "Stem cells are smart," says Lanza. "This is only the tip of the iceberg." "I hope it is an important new phase of stem cell research the beginning."

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becauseofafailed

2011年4月8日星期五

Stem cells make 'Retina in a dish'

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